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Researchers investigated the effects of a single 200 mg dose of paraxanthine on cognitive performance in 13 healthy adults, assessing participants at multiple time points over six hours.

What did they find?

The study reported improvements across several measures of cognitive performance:

• Memory and reasoning: Improvements in short term memory and reasoning tasks.
• Sustained attention: Improved ability to maintain attention during cognitive assessments.
• Response time: Response times continued to improve across the six hour assessment period, while the placebo group became slower over time.
  

These findings suggest that paraxanthine may support several aspects of cognitive performance following a single dose, with effects observed during the six hour assessment period.

Study details: Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial · 13 healthy adults · Single 200 mg dose · Cognitive assessments at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours.

Researchers investigated the effects of 50 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg of paraxanthine on cognitive performance in 12 healthy adults, assessing both single dose effects and outcomes after seven days of daily supplementation.

What did they find?

The study reported cognitive improvements across the tested doses, with the most consistent effects observed at 100 mg and 200 mg.

• Memory and reasoning: Improvements in cognitive task performance.
• Sustained attention: Benefits observed in attention related assessments.
• Response time: Improvements following both single dose and seven day supplementation.

The study also assessed tolerability and reported no significant difference in side effects compared with placebo.
These findings suggest that paraxanthine may support cognitive performance at doses below 200 mg, although individual results and responses may vary.

Study details: Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover dose response trial · 12 healthy adults · 50 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg · Single dose and seven day assessments.

Researchers studied trained runners completing a 10 km run at competition pace to investigate how 200 mg of paraxanthine affected cognitive performance during and after prolonged physical exertion.

What did they find?

Paraxanthine helped preserve cognitive performance during and after the run, with improvements reported in:

• Executive function: Better performance on tasks involving higher order thinking.
• Sustained attention: Improved ability to maintain focus.
• Reaction time: Improved speed of responding to cognitive tasks.
• Cognitive fatigue: Reduced mental fatigue during demanding exercise.

Paraxanthine also produced greater cognitive improvement than caffeine alone in this study, while combining the two did not provide additional cognitive benefits.

These findings suggest that paraxanthine may support cognitive performance when physical and mental demands are high.

Study details: Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial · Trained runners · 200 mg paraxanthine compared with caffeine and paraxanthine plus caffeine · Cognitive assessments before and after a 10 km run.

Researchers investigated the effects of single doses of 100 mg, 200 mg and 300 mg of paraxanthine on energy expenditure and hunger in 21 healthy adults over a 180 minute assessment period.

What did they find?
A single 200 mg dose significantly increased resting energy expenditure, resulting in approximately 100 additional kcal expended over three hours compared with placebo.

• Energy expenditure: Increased resting energy expenditure following a 200 mg dose.
• Hunger: Participants reported lower hunger at 30, 60, 90 and 180 minutes after the 200 mg dose.
• Dose response: Increasing the dose to 300 mg did not provide additional benefits for the measured metabolic outcomes.

These findings suggest that paraxanthine influence short term energy expenditure and hunger, although the results do not establish long term weight loss or body composition changes.

Study details: Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover dose response trial · 21 healthy adults · Single doses of 100 mg, 200 mg and 300 mg · 180 minute assessment period.

Researchers compared Enfinity® paraxanthine with caffeine in young and aged rats to investigate memory performance and brain biomarkers associated with cognitive function.

What did they find?

Paraxanthine significantly increased brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) compared with both the control and caffeine groups.

• Neuroplasticity: BDNF is involved in the brain's ability to adapt and form connections.
• Brain biomarkers: Paraxanthine showed favourable changes in several measured biomarkers, including antioxidant markers and beta amyloid.
• Neurotransmitters: The study also reported differences in acetylcholine, dopamine and GABA related measures compared with caffeine.

The findings suggest potential effects of paraxanthine on brain related pathways in animal models. Further human research is needed to establish whether these effects translate to people.

Study details: Preclinical study · 64 young and aged rats · Human equivalent doses of 25 mg and 100 mg paraxanthine compared with 100 mg caffeine · Memory testing and brain biomarker analysis.

Researchers compared paraxanthine with L theanine, alpha GPC and taurine in mice undergoing treadmill training over four weeks.

What did they find?

Paraxanthine increased forelimb grip strength by 17% after four weeks of supplementation alongside treadmill training.

• Muscle strength: Increased forelimb grip strength compared with the control group.
• Exercise performance: The study reported favourable outcomes across several measured performance indicators.
• Muscle development: Muscle mass and treadmill endurance were among the outcomes assessed.

These findings suggest potential benefits for muscle strength and exercise performance, but further human research is needed to determine whether similar effects occur in people.

Study details: Preclinical study · Mice, 8 per group · Paraxanthine at a stated human equivalent dose of 100 mg daily for four weeks · Grip strength, treadmill endurance and muscle mass assessed.

Researchers compared paraxanthine with caffeine and modafinil in mice to investigate their effects on wakefulness, activity and anxiety related behaviours.

What did they find?

Paraxanthine promoted wakefulness more strongly and for longer than caffeine at the same molar dose. In behavioural testing, it also produced less anxiety related behaviour than caffeine.

• Wakefulness: Longer lasting wakefulness compared with caffeine in the animal model.
• Anxiety related behaviour: Lower anxiety related responses than caffeine during behavioural testing.
• Sleep and wake patterns: Researchers assessed sleep wake activity, locomotor activity and body temperature.

These findings provide preclinical insight into paraxanthine's effects on wakefulness and anxiety related behaviour.

Study details: Preclinical study · Wild type and transgenic mice · Paraxanthine compared with caffeine and modafinil · Sleep wake recording, locomotor activity, body temperature and anxiety related behaviour.

Researchers investigated how paraxanthine affects brain signalling in rats, comparing its effects with caffeine to explore differences in their mechanisms of action.

What did they find?

Paraxanthine, but not caffeine, increased extracellular dopamine in the striatum, a brain region involved in motivation and movement. Paraxanthine also activated cGMP signalling associated with nitric oxide neurotransmission.

• Dopamine signalling: Increased extracellular dopamine was observed in the striatum following paraxanthine treatment.
• Nitric oxide pathway: Paraxanthine triggered cGMP signalling that was not observed with caffeine in this study.
• Distinct mechanism: The findings suggest that paraxanthine and caffeine have different psychostimulant profiles.

This research provides mechanistic insight into how paraxanthine differs from caffeine.

Study details: Preclinical study · Rats · Behavioural, ex vivo and in vivo microdialysis experiments · Dopamine release and cGMP signalling compared with caffeine.

Researchers evaluated Enfinity® paraxanthine through a series of toxicology tests to assess its safety, including genetic toxicity and repeated daily exposure in rats.

What did they find?

The reported findings included:

• Genetic safety: No evidence of mutagenicity or genotoxicity across the four assays conducted.
• Repeated dose safety: No deaths or toxic effects were reported in the 28 day and 90 day studies.
• Highest dose tested: No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was reported at 300 mg/kg body weight per day, the highest dose evaluated.

These findings provide preclinical safety data for Enfinity® paraxanthine under the conditions tested.

Study details: Preclinical safety study · Wistar rats, 10 per sex per group · 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg/day · 28 day and 90 day repeated dose studies · Mutagenicity, genotoxicity, acute and repeated dose toxicity assessments.

Researchers compared paraxanthine and caffeine in a 90 day repeated dose study in rats to evaluate and compare their toxicological profiles.

What did they find?

The study reported different no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for the two compounds:

• Paraxanthine: NOAEL of 185 mg/kg body weight per day.
• Caffeine: NOAEL of 150 mg/kg body weight per day.
• Safety assessment: The findings indicate a higher NOAEL for paraxanthine than caffeine under the conditions tested.

These results provide comparative preclinical safety data.

Study details: Preclinical safety study · Sprague Dawley rats, 10 per sex per group · 90 day repeated dose comparison of paraxanthine and caffeine.